Adults aged 45 and older living in high-incidence areas for gastric and esophageal cancers, with family history, or tested positive for H. pylori, should undergo screening gastroscopy

For individuals aged 45 and older in high-risk categories for gastric or esophageal cancers, undergoing gastroscopy is associated with a roughly 50% lower mortality from these cancers in observational studies. However, people who proactively schedule screenings generally maintain healthier lifestyles, which inflates observational estimates; in rigorous randomized community trials, the reduction in esophageal cancer mortality was approximately 20%, falling within the margin of error. Clinical guidelines advise against routine gastroscopy for average-risk individuals outside high-risk groups.

A standard diagnostic gastroscopy costs a few hundred yuan ($40–$80); painless gastroscopy with sedation adds several hundred yuan, varying by region. Patients must fast overnight, occupying half a day. Sedated procedures require an accompanying adult. The primary physical discomfort is the passing of the endoscope through the throat during unsedated procedures.

The 2024 screening protocols issued by the National Health Commission of China define high-risk criteria starting at age 45 with any of the following: (1) residence in high-incidence counties (age-standardized incidence >20 per 100,000 for gastric cancer, or >15 per 100,000 for esophageal cancer); (2) first-degree family history (parents, offspring, siblings) of upper GI cancer; (3) Helicobacter pylori infection (specifically for gastric cancer); (4) lifestyle risks (smoking, heavy alcohol intake, high-salt diet, preserved/pickled foods, or frequent consumption of scalding food/beverages); or (5) personal history of premalignant lesions (atrophic gastritis, gastric ulcers, gastric polyps, Barrett's esophagus, or reflux esophagitis). Screening is recommended between ages 45 and 74, using endoscopy as the primary modality, generally performed every 5 years. The 2022 national guidelines explicitly advise against population screening outside high-risk groups. A population-based cohort study across six high-incidence regions in China tracked ~637,500 individuals aged 40–69: those undergoing a single endoscopic screen had a 57% lower risk of upper GI cancer mortality compared to uninvited controls (unadjusted RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.40–0.47) and a 23% lower cancer incidence (RR 0.77). Screening uptake was 33.53%; on an intention-to-treat basis across the entire invited population, mortality decreased by 31% (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.66–0.72). In a 10-year non-randomized village screening study in a high-incidence esophageal cancer region, cumulative esophageal squamous cell carcinoma mortality was 3.35% in the screened cohort versus 5.05% in the control cohort. In the Korean National Cancer Screening Program, undergoing endoscopy was associated with a 47% reduction in gastric cancer mortality (adjusted OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.51–0.56), whereas upper GI barium series showed no significant benefit (OR 0.98); protection increased with frequent screening. A meta-analysis pooling 10 Asian studies found endoscopic screening was associated with a 40% reduction in gastric cancer mortality (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.49–0.73), without significant change in cancer incidence. In northern China, the ESECC cluster-randomized trial enrolled 33,800 participants aged 45–69 across villages followed for 9 years: esophageal cancer mortality in the screening group was 18% lower (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.53–1.26), which did not reach statistical significance, and incidence was 19% lower (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.60–1.09), also non-significant. A 2023 systematic review and meta-analysis adjusted for healthy screener bias: among individuals who actually received endoscopic screening, gastric cancer mortality was 48% lower (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.39–0.79), but on an intention-to-screen programmatic basis across all invited individuals, the reduction was non-significant (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.71–1.28).

Controverted in literature. Most evidence demonstrating mortality reduction stems from observational cohorts comparing volunteers who attend screening against non-participants; self-selected participants tend to have higher health consciousness, exaggerating estimated benefits. The 2023 Lancet Regional Health meta-analysis classified study bias risk as moderate to serious. In the cluster-randomized ESECC trial, 9-year mortality differences did not reach statistical significance. The 2022 national guidelines cite potential harms including overdiagnosis, false positives, missed diagnoses, hemorrhage, perforation, cardiopulmonary complications, aspiration pneumonia, and infection. Overdiagnosis refers to detecting indolent early lesions that would never cause symptoms during a lifetime. For those who cannot tolerate standard endoscopy, clinical protocols specify procedures can be performed under sedation or anesthesia. Individuals aged >=45 with positive Helicobacter pylori are categorized as high gastric cancer risk. Eradication of H. pylori is detailed in Chapter 1, Rule 23, but eradication does not eliminate the need for endoscopic screening—both are required. Upper GI barium swallow, serum pepsinogen alone, tumor biomarker panels, and PET-CT scans are not recommended for screening. Commercial tumor marker panels are reviewed in Chapter 6, Rule 7. Those diagnosed with chronic atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, or intraepithelial neoplasia require shorter endoscopic surveillance intervals per gastroenterologist guidance. Residents can inquire with local CDCs or county hospitals regarding whether their area qualifies as high-incidence. Anyone already experiencing alarm symptoms like dysphagia, hematemesis, or melena requires urgent diagnostic medical care rather than screening, as outlined in Chapter 34, Rule 6. Avoiding scalding hot tea is detailed in Chapter 2, Rule 30. Primary beneficiaries are yourself and aging parents.

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